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Mapping Diamond Open Access in Belgium: Exploring the Differences Between Bibliometric and Manually Verified Approaches

In June 2026, we published the first version of the Belgian Diamond Open Access Landscape dataset, an openly available dataset documenting Belgian Diamond Open Access (OA) and delayed OA journals.[1] As the mapping exercise is conceived as an ongoing effort, we continue to identify, verify, and document additional journals. These efforts have already resulted in the publication of a second version of the dataset.[2] The most important changes concern two targeted review exercises. First, we systematically compared our dataset with the ALMASI Diamond OA dataset, a large-scale bibliometric dataset of Diamond OA journals in Africa, Europe, and Latin America.[3] This comparison allowed us to identify a number of Belgian journals that met our inclusion criteria but had been missed in the first version of our dataset. At the same time, the comparison provided valuable insights into the different outcomes that are produced by bibliometric and manually verified approaches. The results of this comparison, together with a detailed discussion of the observed differences between both datasets, are presented later in this article. Second, we conducted a systematic review of the Diamond OA publishing activities of Belgian university presses, as well as two Belgian-based scholarly publishers, Brepols and Peeters Publishers. Both exercises further strengthened the coverage of the Belgian scholarly publishing landscape.

While the comparison with the ALMASI dataset initially served a practical purpose, namely identifying additional journals for inclusion in version 2 of the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape dataset, it also generated a number of broader insights, which may be of interest to others working on Diamond OA monitoring and mapping. Before turning to the results, however, it is useful to give a brief overview of the methodologies used by both datasets. The ALMASI Diamond OA dataset was constructed by combining metadata from ROAD[4] and OpenAlex[5] to create a base list of OA journals. Journals that charge Article Processing Charges (APCs) were subsequently identified and excluded through cross-referencing with OpenAPC,[6] DOAJ,[7] and OpenAlex metadata. The resulting dataset was further validated and enriched through the integration of established Diamond OA datasets, national journal portals, and targeted manual verification in a small number of individual countries. Where information on publication fees was not explicitly available, journals were assumed to be Diamond OA and retained in the dataset. The final dataset contains 20.355 Diamond OA journals from Africa, Europe, and Latin America.[8]

In contrast, the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape dataset was built through a process of systematic manual verification and contextual interpretation at the level of individual journals. Journals were identified through a broad range of sources, including DOAJ, DDH,[9] OpenEdition Journals,[10] institutional publishing platforms, national funding programs, and existing Diamond OA inventories.[11] Each journal was subsequently reviewed individually, with the journal’s own website serving as the primary source for assessing journal characteristics and publication models. Candidate journals were then evaluated against a number of explicit inclusion criteria: (1) only active journals are included, meaning that the journal has published at least one issue within the previous five years,[12] (2) a journal is considered Belgian only when the publisher or publishing entity is legally based in Belgium, and (3) journals are classified as Diamond OA when no publication fees are charged to authors for unconditional open publishing.[13] In addition, the dataset separately documents Belgian delayed OA journals, allowing both publication models to be studied alongside one another while maintaining a clear distinction between them.[14]

The comparison between both datasets provides an opportunity to examine not only the completeness of both datasets but also the kinds of journals that tend to remain invisible under different methodological approaches. In particular, it allows us to assess the extent to which national, manually verified mapping exercises can complement international bibliometric initiatives, especially in a context where many Diamond OA journals remain only partially represented in major international indexes and databases. The relevance of such verification is also acknowledged by the authors of the ALMASI dataset, who note that bibliometric metadata are not always up to date and may contain inaccuracies regarding journals’ OA policies.[15] Similar concerns have been raised in studies of national Diamond OA landscapes outside Belgium, where it has been shown that the journals identified can vary depending on the criteria and data sources used.[16]

As said above, the first outcome of this comparison was the identification of additional journals for inclusion in the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape dataset. As a result, 63 journals are shared by both datasets, whereas 92 journals are unique to the ALMASI dataset and 99 are unique to the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape dataset. We also identified one duplicate record in the ALMASI dataset. The analysis therefore uses 155 unique journals rather than the 156 records reported in the original dataset.[17] These figures indicate that, despite a substantial overlap, both datasets also contain a considerable number of unique titles, which calls for a closer examination of the reasons for this divergence.

Figure 1. Comparison of journal coverage in the ALMASI dataset and the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape dataset.

Of the 92 journals that were not included in the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape dataset, the largest group consists of Hybrid OA journals (n = 49). Another substantial group comprises discontinued journals (n = 16), indicating that they are no longer active at the time of verification. Furthermore, 13 journals were excluded because they operate under a Gold OA model with Article Processing Charges (APCs), while for 9 journals no explicit evidence could be identified that all content would become openly accessible after an embargo period. A smaller number of journals were excluded due to the absence of a (current) Belgian connection (n = 5), because they provided paywalled access to their content (n = 3), or because they followed a Subscribe to Open model (n = 1).[18]

Figure 2. Number of journals excluded from the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape dataset by exclusion criterion.

Several explanations may account for the discrepancies between both datasets. One possibility is that journal information changed between the creation of both datasets. However, given that the ALMASI dataset was published on 11 December 2025 and the first version of the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape dataset was completed on 23 June 2026, this appears relatively unlikely, as the interval between both datasets is limited. A more plausible explanation is that some journals were incorrectly classified in the bibliometric sources on which the ALMASI methodology relies. Inaccurate, incomplete, or outdated metadata concerning publication models, APC policies, journal activity status, and publisher information most likely explains why a number of journals identified as Diamond OA by ALMASI did not meet the inclusion criteria applied in the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape study.

If we zoom in on the Hybrid OA journals, an interesting observation is that more than one-third of the journals identified in the ALMASI dataset (57 out of 155) are published by Brepols and Peeters Publishers, two publishers based in the Flemish region of Belgium and focused on the humanities. The strong presence of these two commercial academic publishers largely explains the high number of journals that were ultimately classified as Hybrid OA rather than Diamond OA. A likely explanation is that the publication models of these journals are difficult to identify through bibliographic metadata alone. These journals contain a mixture of open and restricted content, while bibliographic databases do not always capture the distinction between access conditions and publication models in a sufficiently granular manner.[19] What is also striking is that several journals published by Brepols and Peeters Publishers that were identified as Diamond OA in the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape study were absent from the ALMASI dataset. This suggests that bibliographic metadata not only leads to the inclusion of journals that do not meet the Diamond OA criteria, but also results in the omission of journals that do.

Not all differences between the two datasets can be attributed solely to inaccuracies or limitations in bibliographic metadata. The category “Embargo not explicitly stated” reflects a methodological difference in how delayed OA journals are identified and classified, rather than a disagreement about the OA status of these journals. No information could be identified regarding how delayed OA journals were handled when compiling the ALMASI dataset. In our study, delayed OA journals were explicitly included as a separate category, provided that the journal clearly stated that all content would become openly accessible after a defined embargo period. This requirement was adopted as a deliberate inclusion criterion in order to establish a clear and consistently applicable boundary between journals that could be verified as delayed OA and those for which insufficient evidence was available. Although delayed OA journals were also present in the ALMASI dataset, they were not identified as a distinct category. This suggests that delayed OA journals were captured by their methodology, but without the additional verification criteria that we applied.

Although this concerns only a single journal in the present comparison, it is worth briefly explaining why journals operating under a Subscribe-to-Open (S2O) model are not included in our dataset. While S2O enables content to become openly accessible without direct author-facing publication fees, the continuation of OA remains contingent upon the willingness of subscribers to renew their subscriptions. As a result, OA is not guaranteed as a permanent feature of the journal and may be reversed if sufficient subscription revenue is not maintained. In contrast, our definition of Diamond OA requires that OA is provided independently of subscription income. For this reason, S2O journals are not considered Diamond OA within the scope of the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape dataset.[20]

The reverse perspective is equally informative. Looking at the journals that are unique to the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape dataset reveals a number of patterns that might help explain the differences between both datasets. A first observation is that a substantial number of journals hosted on institutional and community-based publishing platforms such as OpenEdition Journals, Openjournals.nl, Open Journals UGent, OJS UCLouvain, and PoPuPS (ULiège) were absent from the ALMASI dataset. This suggests that, as expected, the bibliometric approach is less effective at identifying journals published through smaller institutional and community-based Diamond OA infrastructures, and is more suited for identifying journals and publishers that are well represented in international metadata sources.

PlatformShared by both datasetsOnly in Belgian Landscape dataset
Openjournals.nl04
OJS UCLouvain511
PoPuPS (ULiège)518
OpenEdition Journals1010
Open Journals UGent1012

Tabel 1. Shared and unique journals by publishing platform.

A further explanation for the observed differences between the two datasets can be found in disciplinary orientation.[21] Only 36% of HSS journals are found in both datasets, compared with 46% of SET journals and 53% of BMS journals.[22] This pattern partly reflects the strong presence of HSS journals on institutional and community-based publishing platforms, which themselves are underrepresented in the ALMASI dataset as shown above. This observation is also consistent with broader scholarly communication patterns, as SET and BMS journals tend to be better represented in large international indexing and metadata databases, making them easier to identify through bibliometric approaches.

DisciplinesShared by both datasetsOnly in Belgian Landscape datasetTotal
HSS46 (36%)83 (64%)129
SET12 (46%)14 (54%)26
BMS8 (53%)7 (47%)15

Tabel 2. Shared and unique journals by discipline.[23]

Publication language, on the other hand, does not appear to provide a convincing explanation for the differences between the two datasets. To classify the journals by publication language, we applied the same broad categories as used in the ALMASI scoping report:[24]

  • English: journals publishing exclusively in English;
  • Multilingual: journals publishing in English and at least one additional language;
  • Other languages: journals publishing exclusively in non-English languages.

The proportion of journals identified by both datasets is remarkably similar across English-language, multilingual, and other-language journals, suggesting that the bibliometric approach does not systematically favor or overlook journals based on publication language.

Publication languagesShared by both datasetsOnly in Belgian Landscape datasetTotal
English17 (37%)29 (63%)46
Multilingual34 (39,5%)52 (60,5%)86
Other languages12 (40%)18 (60%)30

Tabel 3. Shared and unique journals by publication language.

Comparing the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape dataset with the ALMASI dataset provided valuable insights into how methodological choices, including data sources, inclusion criteria, and validation procedures, shape the representation of national publishing landscapes. While large-scale datasets make cross-national analyses possible, national studies can provide contextual knowledge and journal-level verification that are difficult to achieve at scale. The comparison revealed discrepancies related to journal activity status, national affiliation, and, most importantly, the classification of OA models. It also showed that journals published through institutional and community-based publishing infrastructures, as well as Humanities and Social Sciences journals, were less consistently represented across both datasets. The Belgian case therefore highlights the need for further reflection on how Diamond OA journals are identified and classified, particularly when the aim is to capture diverse and locally embedded publishing initiatives.


[1] Laura Mesotten and Demmy Verbeke, The Belgian Diamond Open Access Landscape, June 23, 2026, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20760254.

[2] Version 2 of the dataset was published on October 9, 2026 and is available via https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20760253. 

[3] Zehra Taskin and Mikael Laakso, ALMASI Dataset of Diamond Open Access Journals, December 11, 2025, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17897299.

[4] ROAD (Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources) is an ISSN-based international database maintained by the ISSN International Centre that provides metadata on Open Access scholarly resources. See: https://www.issn.org/services/online-services/road-the-directory-of-open-access-scholarly-resources/.

[5] OpenAlex is an open bibliographic database containing metadata on scientific publications, authors, institutions, and funders.

[6] OpenAPC is an open initiative that aggregates data on Article Processing Charges (APCs), Book Processing Charges (BPCs) and data on articles published under transformative agreements.

[7] DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals) is a community-curated index of peer-reviewed Open Access journals. Although DOAJ metadata were used during the construction and validation of the ALMASI dataset, DOAJ inclusion alone does not appear to determine whether a journal is captured by the ALMASI methodology. In the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape dataset, 18 of the 49 journals (37%) indexed in DOAJ are absent from the ALMASI dataset.

[8] Mikael Laakso and Zehra Taskin, D1.1 Scoping Report on Non-for-Profit Publishing Ecosystems, December 29, 2025, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18257718.

[9] DDH (Directory of Diamond Journals) is a community-maintained directory of Diamond Open Access journals.

[10] OpenEdition Journals is a publishing platform and infrastructure for Open Access journals in the humanities and social sciences, operated by OpenEdition.

[11] All consulted data sources are described in the dataset’s About section.

[12] Journals that explicitly state that publication has ceased, that have not published any content within the previous five years, or that have been launched but have not yet published any content are considered inactive and are excluded from the dataset.

[13] These inclusion criteria are described in more detail in the dataset’s About section.

[14] All tables and figures presented in this article are based on the combined set of Belgian Diamond OA and Belgian delayed OA journals.

[15] Laakso and Taskin, D1.1 Scoping Report on Non-for-Profit Publishing Ecosystems, 132.

[16] Simone Angioni et al., “Charting the Landscape of Italian Diamond Open Access Publishing,” Quantitative Science Studies 7 (June 2026): 564–84, https://doi.org/10.1162/QSS.a.466.

[17] The duplicate record concerns Revue Quetelet / Quetelet Journal, which is listed in the ALMASI dataset under two separate records: Revue Quetelet + Quetelet Journal (ISSN 2593-9149, eISSN 2593-9157) and Revue Quetelet / Quetelet Journal (ISSN 2034-9378, eISSN 2034-9386). The latter record is also registered in the ISSN Portal, albeit under the title Chaire Quetelet. It presumably refers to an earlier registration of the same journal and was therefore treated as a duplicate.

[18] Some journals met more than one exclusion criterion and were therefore counted in more than one category. In particular, the category No Belgian affiliation overlaps with Gold Open Access with APC (n = 3) and Paywalled access (n = 1). As a result, the counts for the individual exclusion criteria should not be added together, as this would exceed the total number of excluded journals (n = 92).

[19] Recent recommendations of the OpenAlex Colors Working Group highlight important limitations of current Open Access classification systems. In particular, the report argues that widely used OA classifications often conflate access conditions with publishing and funding models, making it difficult to consistently represent more complex OA arrangements and to distinguish between different publication models on the basis of bibliographic metadata alone. See Juan Pablo Alperin et al., Recommendations for Revising the Open Access Classification System in OpenAlex, August 14, 2026, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21934115.

[20] Some studies and mapping exercises adopt a broader definition of Diamond OA and do include S2O journals, e.g. Niels Taubert et al., “Mapping the German Diamond Open Access Journal Landscape,” Minerva 62, no. 2 (2024): 193–227, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11024-023-09519-7.

[21] The disciplinary categories were assigned by the authors as part of the Belgian Diamond OA Landscape study, based on the primary focus of each journal. As a result, some classification decisions may be open to interpretation.

[22] The totals by discipline exceed the number of journals because some journals were assigned to more than one disciplinary category and are therefore counted more than once.

[23] For Tables 2 and 3, percentages are calculated relative to the total number of journals in the respective category.

[24] Laakso and Taskin, D1.1 Scoping Report on Non-for-Profit Publishing Ecosystems, 135.

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Open Access journals published in Belgium without author fees

This blog post was written by Demmy Verbeke and Laura Mesotten.

A first version of the dataset dedicated to the landscape of Belgian Open Access (OA) journals which do not charge author fees has been published with DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20760254.

This overview, compiled by Laura Mesotten and Demmy Verbeke, provides a comprehensive list of Belgian Diamond OA journals – defined as journals that are published in OA without charging author fees and that are governed by the academic community. The dataset includes a range of bibliographical, editorial, and technical details, such as ISSNs, publishing software used, funding sources, and peer review status. In addition, the dataset documents the operational Diamond OA criteria for journals as developed in the context of the DIAMAS and CRAFT-OA projects. As such, it serves as a practical tool for identifying journals that are eligible for inclusion in the Diamond Discovery Hub maintained by the European Diamond Capacity Hub.

The “About” section of the dataset outlines the methodological choices and scope. For instance, it specifies the criteria used to determine whether a journal qualifies as Belgian. For the purposes of this dataset, a journal is considered Belgian if its publisher or publishing entity (i.e., the institution or society responsible for the journal) is legally based in Belgium. In cases of co-publishing, a journal is also considered Belgian if at least one co-publisher or publishing entity is legally based in Belgium, even if the registered publisher is located elsewhere. By contrast, indicators such as the nationality or institutional affiliations of editors, funding from Belgian institutions, or distribution via Belgian platforms are not considered as sufficient grounds for classifying a journal as Belgian.

The dataset further includes a “Belgian delayed OA journals” tab, which provides information on journals whose content is made openly available after an embargo period. Inclusion in this category is restricted to journals where OA applies to the issue as a whole (rather than to individual articles) and where such access is unconditional – that is, authors can be assured that their publication will become openly accessible after a defined embargo period. No restrictions are imposed on the length of the embargo, and, where identifiable, the duration of embargo period is explicitly recorded in the dataset. Journals are excluded from this category if it is not clearly stated that they provide delayed OA, or if it remains uncertain whether the availability of open content reflects an established embargo policy or merely the opening up of the journal’s archive, without reassurance that newly published material will become openly accessible over time. This section should be viewed as an initial exploratory effort to map delayed OA journals in the Belgian context. While distinct from Diamond OA, delayed OA regularly shares certain features with it, notably the absence of author-facing fees. Further research will be required to validate and refine the identification of such journals. Including them at this stage enables their separate documentation and supports the monitoring of changes in access conditions over time.

As a first release, the dataset should be regarded as a living resource rather than a definitive inventory. It is intended to support research and analysis on scholarly communication and Diamond Open Access publishing in Belgium, while also facilitating the visibility and monitoring of community-led journals. The dataset will be periodically updated to reflect changes in journal policies, platforms, and indexing statuses. Users are encouraged to consult the most recent version and to share additions, corrections, or comments with the authors.

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2. Folge Podcast “Die Wissensarchitekt*innen” mit PD Dr. Nicola Mößner “Business as usual Philosophische Reflexionen zum Datentracking” erschienen!

Ich freue mich Ihnen mitzuteilen, dass zum 3. Digital Independence Day die 2. Folge meines neuen Podcasts „Die Wissensarchitekt*innen“ online gegangen ist.

Der Wissenschaftspodcast “Die Wissensarchitekt*innen” erkundet die Welt hinter den Daten und was Bibliotheken, Forschung und Algorithmen miteinander verbindet. In Gesprächen über das Wissen von morgen werden kritische Aspekte der Informationsgesellschaft und ihre politischen und gesellschaftlichen Folgen diskutiert. 

In jeder Folge sind Gäst*innen aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen der Informations- und Wissenslandschaft zu Gast, um über ihre Arbeit und Themen zu sprechen. In der ersten Staffel von “Die Wissensarchitekt*innen” steht das Thema Datentracking mit Fokus Science Tracking (d.h. das nicht datenschutzgerechte Erheben und Nachnutzen von Nutzungsdaten auf kommerziellen wissenschaftlichen Webseiten) zentral.

Mehr zur 2. Folge mit PD Dr. Nicola Mößner unter dem Titel “Business as usual? Philosophische Reflexionen zum Datentracking” lesen Sie hier: https://ulrikewuttke.wordpress.com/2026/03/01/2-folge-podcast-die-wissensarchitektinnen-mit-nicola-mosner-erschienen/. [Link] zur Folge vom 1. März 2026.

Mehr zur Auftaktfolge mit Dr. Renke Siems und Dr. Yuliya Fadeeva unter dem Titel „Was ihr schon immer über Datentracking in der Wissenschaft wissen wolltet“ lesen Sie hier:  https://ulrikewuttke.wordpress.com/2026/02/01/auftaktfolge-meines-podcasts-die-wissensarchitektinnen-mit-renke-siems-und-yuliya-fadeeva-was-ihr-schon-immer-uber-datentracking-in-der-wissenschaft-wissen-wolltet-live/. [Link] zur Folge vom 01. Februar 2026. 

[Link] zur Episodenübersichtsseite des Podcasts auf Podcasts-Homes.

[Link] zum RSS-Feed des Podcasts “Die Wissensarchitekt*innen”.

Auf meinem Blog kann mensch auch [hier] vollständige Transkriptionen der Folgen mit Fußnoten und weiten Verweisen finden.

Die Folgen der ersten Staffel werden monatlich am ersten Sonntag jeden Monats, parallel zur Initiative Digital Independence Day mit freundlicher Unterstützung von Podcasts.homes erscheinen. Den Podcast kann mensch auch ohne Spotify abonnieren, hier gehts zum Wechselrezept: https://ulrikewuttke.wordpress.com/2026/01/27/wechselrezept-podcasts-horen-ohne-spotify/

Der Podcast wird von mir, Ulrike Wuttke, im Rahmen meiner Transferprofessur an der FH Potsdam mit dem Projekt T.R.A.C.K.S. “Training on Analytics, Compliance, Knowledge, and Security” produziert.

Mit freundlichen Grüßen und viel Spaß beim Reinhören!

Ulrike Wuttke

Prof. Dr. Ulrike Wuttke

Bibliothekswissenschaft – Strategien, Serviceentwicklung und Wissenschaftskommunikation  | Library Science – Strategies, Service Development and Scholarly Communication

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Webinar Series: Open Access Week Belgium

3 days- 3 Webinars

This edition of Open Access Week is dedicated to researchers and their need for guidance through open access publication models and projects.

Join together, take action, and raise awareness about the importance of open knowledge sharing

Program

Monday October 20|12:30-13:30: 

This session will explore the Horizon Europe Open Access rules and provide practical insights into their implementation. We will discuss how project officers are trained, which units are responsible, common questions from stakeholders, relevant statistics, lessons learned, and key takeaways for the next program cycle. We also anticipate questions and feedback from researchers who are applying these rules in practice. Their experiences will help enrich the discussion, and we hope the webinar will serve as a platform for sharing advice, best practices, and challenges.

Wednesday October 22|12:30-13:30: 

  • Theme: HOW TO RETAIN CONTROL OVER YOUR PUBLICATIONS IN THE AGE OF AI ?
  • Speaker: Mr. Joris Deene, Everest Advocaten, legal advisor SA&S
  • Registration

As an academic author, navigating copyright in the era of Open Access can be challenging. In this session, you will learn how to strategically manage and retain your rights before, during, and after publication. We provide you with concrete tools and legal insights to maximize the impact of your work.

After this session, you will be able to:

  • Choose and apply the right Creative Commons license for your specific goals.
  • Understand and exercise your statutory right of secondary publication under Belgian law.
  • Implement a rights retention strategy to secure your author’s rights before signing a publishing agreement.
  • Navigate the challenges of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in academic publishing, focusing on copyright implications and publisher policies.

Friday October 24|12:30-14:00: 

  • Theme: DIAMOND OPEN ACCESS
  • Speakers : Clément Dessy (FNRS Research Associate- ULB, co-editor of the journal COnTEXTES ), Geoffrey Compère (FNRS Research Director- ULB, senior editor of Scipost Physics), Jonathan Dumont (PhD – Project Manager – ULiège Library)
  • Registration

In response to growing concerns about equity and accessibility in scholarly publishing, an increasing number of researchers are advocating for the establishment of Diamond Open Access journals, which provide unrestricted access to research outputs for readers and enable authors to publish without incurring Article Processing Charges (APCs), thereby fostering inclusivity and the democratization of knowledge.

The webinar speakers will present complementary perspectives on Diamond Open Access publishing, including founding a new journal, converting an existing one, and serving as a senior editor on a Diamond Open Access platform.

Practicalities

  • When: October 20-26, 2025 with webinars on 20, 22 and 24 October
  • Where: Online
  • For who: Anyone who needs guidance through open access publication models and projects.
  • Price and registration: Free but mandatory.
  • More info: Click here
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Libraries and Diamond Open Access

The following is the redacted text of a statement given by Demmy Verbeke at the “The Diamond Open Access Model: what impact on research?” webinar organized by Academia Europaea Cardiff, KU Leuven Libraries and the Young Academy of Europe on March 28, 2022. 

Academic libraries have a responsibility in the context of Diamond Open Access on at least two levels.

For more than a decade now, librarians worldwide have played a role in promoting OA, explaining the various options to make academic work freely available to all, highlighting the pros and cons of the various routes towards OA, etc. This advocacy work is lately more and more interwoven with talking about funder compliance or talking about things like block grants, OA funds and read-and-publish deals. However, we need to be very careful that the latter does not turn librarians into salesmen for the publishers with whom their universities have this kind of agreement. The thing that we always need to remember is that academic librarians do not work for publishers; they work for their institutions and serve the scholarly community, so they need to talk about the diversity of OA possibilities. They owe it to their profession to provide an analysis which is as objective as possible of the pros and cons of various OA approaches so that authors can make up their own mind about whom they want to entrust with the dissemination of their research results.In that context, it is important that librarians also talk about Diamond OA and give the full picture. For instance by not only talking about the main thing that scholars associate with Diamond OA, namely that this is an approach to scholarly publishing which does not charge fees to either authors or readers, but also to stress the second element of the characterization used in the recent Action Plan for Diamond Open Access, namely that these are community-driven, academic-led and academic-owned publishing initiatives. This is important, because this makes an essential difference in the financial model behind initiatives of this sort and is the reason why scholars, funders and institutions alike should not only foster Diamond OA but should even prioritize it over other approaches.

The second responsibility is to not only talk and inform about Diamond OA but also to financially support it. Personally, I have very little patience for the argument “we do not have the budget to support Diamond OA programs”. Most university libraries in the Western world have multi-million budgets, whether they receive additional block grants for OA or not. I find it hard to believe that it would be impossible to find a few grand in that budget for Diamond OA. I do, however, understand and sympathize completely with the realization that we need to rethink our budgets in order to make room for Diamond OA. Both acquisition and cataloguing processes of libraries are still completely geared towards either the traditional model of publishing behind a paywall or towards publishers who have found a way to shape their OA offer in such a way that it almost appears as business as usual, for instance through read-and-publish deals. As a result, there is a big risk that library budgets are completely hoovered up by a combination of buying paywalled content and spending money on the privately-owned, for-profit approach to OA. This means that, if libraries want to financially support Diamond OA, they need to either prioritize it in the sense that they first spend available budget on Diamond OA, then on paywalled content, then on for-profit OA; or that they need to make much clearer distinctions in their budgets and need to separate a percentage for Diamond OA, a percentage for paywalled content and a percentage for for-profit OA. The added task is that they also need to stick to that division. If the price tag of either of those three categories increases – and, by the way, I guarantee that the price tag for for-profit OA will increase – then they cannot move around money from one category to the other without first having a thorough discussion that this implies a policy change.

I consider both responsibilities for academic librarians in the context of Diamond OA as an obvious continuation of the role they have been playing in the field of scholarly communication for generations. Librarians are not in the business of telling researchers what to do and how to distribute the results of their work. But that does not cancel out the fact that researchers turn to librarians for guidance in this, either by making explicit appeals to the expertise within libraries to provide support and advice, or implicitly by observing which choices libraries make in their collection building and adapting their own publishing practices to this. Similarly, research libraries have a long tradition of funding the market for academic publishing. Library budgets pay for the acquisition of monographs, for standing orders for series and for subscriptions to journals and databases. So it is natural that these same libraries are now called upon to act as funders for publishing in OA. And just like librarians were entrusted to make wise budget choices in a traditional system of acquisition of content behind a paywall, they should now be entrusted to make wise budget choices in how to support OA publishing. I, for one, am convinced that librarians will ensure much better value for money, and thus do a much better job for their institutions and the scholarly community which they serve, if they favor academic-led approaches towards OA without author fees over for-profit approaches towards OA based on publication-level payments.

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Webinar: The Diamond Open Access Model – What impact on research?

On March 28th (2pm, CEST) the Academia Europaea Cardiff, KU Leuven Libraries and the Young Academy of Europe jointly organize a webinar about “The Diamond Open Access Model: what impact on research?”. The webinar is free and open to all, the registration form can be found here. During this one-hour webinar, an expert panel will explain and discuss the latest developments in Open Access publishing and what it means for researchers, research-intensive institutions, learned societies, libraries and other publishers. There will be plenty of time for the audience to interact and pose questions to the panel.

Panel

  • Professor Johan Rooryck, Executive Director, Coalition S
  • Professor Sarah de Rijcke, Professor in Science, Technology, and Innovation Studies & Scientific Director at the Centre for Science and Technology Studies (CWTS), Leiden University
  • Dr Bregt Saenen, Senior Policy Officer for Open Science, Science Europe
  • Professor Toma Susi, University of Vienna, Member of the Scientific Advisory Board, Open Research Europe
  • Professor Demmy Verbeke, Professor of Open Scholarship and Head of KU Leuven Libraries Artes

The webinar will be chaired by Professor Ole Petersen, Honorary Vice-President, Academia Europaea.

Webinar description

With escalating Article Processing Charges (APCs) under the Gold Open Access Model, attention has been turning to the Diamond Model, where scientific articles are not subject to APCs. Diamond journals represent a large percentage of open access publishing output and are mostly owned and managed by universities, learned societies and other not-for-profit organisations.

Two organisations leading the development of an international strategy on Open Access, Science Europe and Coalition S, have recently launched an initiative that will offer worldwide support to building and sustaining the Diamond Model. The action plan was published on 2nd March.

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